It is important to note, however, that these theories are insufficient for the greater understanding of intergenerational IPV. The pathway to IPV perpetration or victimization based on the social environmental theories begins with early exposure to violence. Social theories that focus on the social environment the individual is surrounded with is crucial to understand because of humans are social beings the social aspect of relationships cannot be taken away from the progression of IPV. Finally, I will discuss the interactions between genes and the environment and their significant influences on intergenerational IPV pathways. For the biological framework, the pathway to IPV perpetration or victimization of the individual begins with a gene or a physiological condition. However, biologically related families also share genes, so biological factors, such as cognitive functions, neurochemical functions, psychophysiological functions, and genes must also be taken into account. For this type of framework, the pathway to IPV perpetration or victimization begins with early exposure to violence. First, I will explain the dominating literature about intergenerational IPV, which focuses on social theories, such as the Social Learning Theory and the Attachment Theory, which purely attribute intergenerational IPV perpetration and victimization later in life to environmental factors. The purpose of this paper is to identify the starting factors that activate the cascade of conditions that lead to or continue the intergenerational IPV cycle and to argue that neither the social environmental factors nor the biological factors can explain this phenomenon alone the combination of the gene and environment interactions show the most predisposition for IPV perpetration and victimization. To create beneficial interventions for these victims, the nature of the intergenerational cycle of IPV must be understood. A troubling but consistent finding in the existing research is that IPV tends to “run in the family.” 2 Families are usually private, which makes it more difficult for society to provide effective interventions for victims of IPV when the perpetrator is their husband or their wife. Based on the Center for Disease Control (CDC) definition, intimate partner violence encompasses “physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, or psychological aggression (including coercive acts) by a current or former intimate partner, whether or not the partner is a spouse.” 1 This form of violence in society is underreported by victims for various reasons that could range from not wanting to be publicly shamed to not wanting to report someone they love. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health problem that leads to grave biological and psychological consequences for victims and families in diverse ways. This paper seeks to identify the major beginning points of the various pathways that lead to intimate violence perpetration and victimization by highlighting the social environmental factors, as well as the biological factors and assesses whether one kind of factor could be the sole indicator of IPV without the other. Because it is a cycle, the beginning of the pathway of violence may be hard to target. IPV however, is an intergenerational cycle genetic and biological factors cannot be ignored in IPV perpetration and victimization. Existing literature on this issue predominantly focuses on the social environment, leaning towards theories that put blame on the social environment the victims are bound to. Intimate partner violence is historically viewed as a social and private phenomenon, tinged with shame and stigma. Although interventions may be continuously designed to combat this problem, IPV must first be understood in an intergenerational perspective before effective programs can be put into place. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health issue that results in social, psychological, emotional, and physical consequences.
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